Modern efforts to protect individuals who participate in research projects began with the 纽伦堡守则(PDF). This code was developed to serve as a standard for use during the Nuremberg Trials to judge the human experimentation by the Nazis. From that time, there were several other examples of atrocities that led to the development of the Declaration of Helsinki (PDF) 1964年和后来的 贝尔蒙特报告(PDF) in 1979.
These atrocities and the concerns that arose from them prompted the federal government to take action to protect individuals who serve as participants in research studies. In 1971, the federal government (then the Department of Health, Education and Welfare) began to create the Institutional Review Board (IRB) system.
This system was designed to protect individuals by authorizing institutions to create IRBs to review all research proposals that are done under its auspices. 像这样, the 十大博彩推荐排名州立 大学 IRB is authorized and charged with reviewing all research proposals that use human participants. This is true whether the project will be funded or not.
Selected ethics websites
Ethics and Bioethics: Academic and Educational Sites
- American Society for Bioethics and Humanities
- 道德更新 (part of a larger ethics site maintained by Lawrence Hinman)
- ICH – International Conference on Harmonisation
- Public Responsibility in Medicine and 研究 (PRIM&R) and Applied 研究伦理
Professional organizations
| 组织 | 网站 | 类别 |
|---|---|---|
| 管理学院: | Academy of Management Code of Ethical Conduct | (SS) |
| ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Task Force | Software Engineering 道德守则 and Professional Practice (第5版.2) | (NS) |
| American Anthropological Association | AAA道德准则 | (SS) |
| American Association for the Advancement of Science has no formal code of ethics | AAAS Scientific Freedom, Responsibility and Law Program | (NS, SS) |
| American Association of Petroleum Geologists | AAPG道德准则 | (NS) |
| American Association of School Administrators | Statement of Ethics for School Administrators | (SS) |
| American Association of 大学 Professors | AAUP Statement on Professional Ethics | (h, ss, ns) |
| American Chemical Society | ACS Professional Employment Guidelines | (NS) |
| American Counseling Association | ACA道德准则 | (SS) |
| American Educational 研究 Association | 道德标准 | (SS) |
| American Historical Association | AHA Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct | (H) |
| American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works | AIC 道德守则 and Guidelines for Practice | (H) |
| American Library Association | 美国ALA道德准则 | (H) |
| American Mathematical Society | 医疗辅助队道德指引 | (NS) |
| American Medical Association | AMA Code of Medical Ethics | (SS) |
| American Nurses Association | 全日空航空公司道德准则 | (SS) |
| American Physical Society | APS Ethics and Values Statements | (NS) |
| American Psychological Association | Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct | (SS) |
| American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | ASBMB道德准则 | (NS) |
| American Society for Information Science and Technology | 网络多媒体&T Professional Guidelines | (NS) |
| American Society of Newspaper Editors | ASNE Statement of Principles | (H) |
| American Sociological Association | ASA道德准则 | (SS) |
| American Statistical Association | AmStat Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice | (魔法石,NS) |
| Association for Computing Machinery | ACM 道德守则 and Professional Conduct | (NS) |
| Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions at the Illinois Institute of Technology | IIT Codes of Ethics Online | (h, ss, ns) |
| Ecological Society of America | 欧空局道德准则 | (NS) |
| International Bar Association | IBA International 道德守则 | (SS) |
| International Council of Nurses | ICN道德准则 | (SS) |
| Music Teachers National Association | MTNA道德准则 | (H) |
| National Association of Social Workers | NASW道德准则 | (SS) |
| Oral History Association | OHA Principles and Standards | (H, SS) |
| Professional Photographers of America | PPA道德准则 | (H) |
| Register of Professional Archaeologists | RPA Code of Conduct and Standard of 研究 Performance | (SS) |
| Society of American Archivists | A Code for Archivists with Commentary | (H) |
| Society of American Business Editors and Writers, Inc. | SABEW道德准则 | (H, SS) |
| Society of Professional Journalists | SPJ职业道德准则 | (H) |
| World Medical Association | WMA道德网站 |
(H) =人文学科
(SS) =社会科学
(NS) = Natural Sciences